Unemployment Problem & solution in Bangladesh

1. Introduction

Unemployment means the state of being without any work both for the educated and uneducated for earning one’s livelihood. Unemployment problem has become a great concern all over the world. But nowhere in the world is this problem as acute as in Bangladesh. Thousands of people in our country are without any job.

Unemployment scenario of the graduate level in Bangladesh has been a serious problem. Lately, graduates are more prone to acquire business education, which is more transferable to the job. Despite that, the business graduates are frustrated with the burden of education, as there are concurrent occurrences of joblessness. However, the prevalent dilemma of employability appears, as there are imbalances due to expected skills/qualifications by the ultimate employers.

Discussion

1.1 History of unemployment in Bangladesh

Historically for a long time British administration was the main cause of this problem. After ending Mughol regime when British came in Sub continent (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh) they started to do business, they exploited the sub-continent. They did not establish any Industry which is helpful to
remove the unemployment problem. Though some Industry was made but all of them were placed in Indian Territory. So Bangladesh region was neglected from the British period. After ending British rule in 1947 Pakistan adopted the same rule they established all kinds of Industry in West Pakistan not in East Pakistan. As a result of Pakistani monopoly rule we saw the freedom fighting war in 1971. After nine months continuous war it is divided and named East Pakistan as a Bangladesh. After 1971 Bangladesh has been facing political crisis badly. As a result no government can take long term massive step to remove the unemployment problem. Within 37 years Bangladesh has experience about eight new governments and two assassination incident at the top level country leader. So now political crisis is one of the major causes of unemployment problem in Bangladesh. Among others two major parties BNP and Aowamileague are busy to gain only political power. None of these parties are trying to do anything to solve the country’s major problem “UNEMPLOYEMENT PROBLEM” Recent attitude and activity of political parties are very hateful to the common people. By election if a party goes to power then another party cannot accept that, they do not go to parliament they do not express constructive opinion in the parliament which is helpful for common people. But they should not do it. May be there is some discrimination of the election result but there are overall acceptation of the common people.

1.2 Cause of unemployment

Bangladesh, like other developing countries, suffers from large-scale disguised
unemployment in the sense that, even with unchanged techniques of agriculture a large
part of the population engaged in agriculture could be removed without reducing
agricultural output. Beyond agriculture, disguised unemployment also exists in large
industries, offices and organizations, particularly in the public sector. Unemployment among the educated youths is one of the major problems in Bangladesh. The unemployment rate for the population having secondary school certificate level education and above is significantly higher than those with a lower level of education. The unemployment rate for educated women is higher compared to that for the male population. In Bangladesh salaried/wage employment in the formal sectors is not big enough to take care of the huge number of unemployed. Employment promotion, especially, creation of self-employment opportunities, continues as the most important functions of the Bureau of Manpower Employment and Training. The Fifth Five-Year Plan for 1997-2002 had set a target of creating additional employment of 6.35 million persons. Of this, a total of 1,60,000 persons are expected to be engaged in self-employment. Emphasis had been given on training and credit support to women micro entrepreneurs in cottage industries and other traditional and non-traditional sectors including skill development for service industries and other non-farm activities. The private sector and NGOs are also playing a vital role to this end.

BANGLADESH: Unemployment, food prices spur growing hunger

Bangladesh

will face greater food shortages in the coming years

Rising unemployment and food prices and a sluggish economy are taking their toll on Bangladesh, where a growing number of people are struggling to survive.
“If I do not get work tomorrow or become ill, all my family members will go hungry,” said Nur Islam, a 45-year-old Dhaka resident who hauls a rickshaw around town for US$3 a day to feed his wife and three children. About 40 percent of Bangladesh’s 160 million people live on less than $1 a day and are food insecure, according to government figures, and a rapidly expanding population - combined with rising unemployment, inflation, the economic slowdown and unpredictable weather-related disasters - is leading the country deeper into a food crisis.

“In recent years, devastating cyclones and floods, the dramatic increase in food prices in 2008 and the global recession have all impacted economic growth in Bangladesh, which in turn has led to a deterioration of food security and the nutritional situation in the country,”

Emamul Haque,

Spokesperson for the World Food Programme (WFP) in Bangladesh.

According to WFP, the number of people who consume less than the minimum daily recommended amount of food rose from 47 million in 1990, to 56 million in 2005. Following floods and Cyclone Sidr in 2007, that figure peaked in 2008 at 65 million.

“The lack of economic growth is the main reason for food insecurity in Bangladesh. Sometimes there is availability of food, but the poor people do not have the purchasing power,”

Quazi Shahabuddin,

Researcher and former director-general of the

Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies.

1.3 UNDP report about Bangladesh

The 1999-2000 Labor Force Survey estimates that of the 74.2 million working age population (15 - 64 years), about 21.6 percent are employed for wages and salaries, a two percent increase since the 1995-96 LFS. However, while 33.9 percent of men work for wages, only 8.4 percent of women receive some form of remuneration. There are an estimated 7.4 million working children out of which 3.2 million children are child laborers. Twenty four percent of the working population is self-employed. Unemployment rates in Bangladesh, estimated at 4.3 percent, are comparatively low due to pervasive under-employment and the large number of people considered being out of the labor force. Unemployment rates are high among the youth, especially among young men under the age of 30. There has been a significant increase in the reports of violence across Bangladesh. Accurate information regarding the nature and extent of violence in the country remains scarce due to lack of data. There is, however, an emerging “culture of violence” which is of rising concern. Violence within the family remains the most under-reported crime in Bangladesh. Cases of marital violence are routinely labeled as “domestic disputes”, and as such do not merit assistance within families, let alone police intervention. This reflects, among other things, the existing patrimonial social structures that force woman into passive acceptance of violence. According to government statistics, one woman is subjected to violence every hour. Though the Bangladesh Constitution is committed to the equality of rights of all citizens, there still remain significant sections of the population who are unable to realize their right to development. A part of the process will necessarily involve ensuring that the most marginalized and vulnerable groups – women, minorities, children and others – do not get left behind amidst an overall positive scenario. It is also important to focus on the guarantee of human security with the basic norms of justice as a pre-condition for human development. The commitment to a transparent government through the use of information technology for development is one means of promoting accountability. The decentralization of administrative and financial responsibilities would help to accelerate the process. These are all important steps towards ensuring that citizens have ownership over the development process. Finally, it is necessary to focus on the crosscutting issues of good governance and environmental sustainability to ensure the achievement of the MDGs and national development objectives. In the circumstances, one of the biggest challenges to the Government remains ensuring the right to participation and protection of the people of Bangladesh.

1.4 Unemployment is turning into a very serious issue

According to a study of the International Labor Organization (ILO), the rate of growth of unemployment in Bangladesh was 1.9 per cent in the decade of the nineties. But the growth in unemployment currently is 3.7 per cent. The ILO figures also show Bangladesh in the twelfth position among the top twenty countries in the world where unemployment is rising. The number of the unemployed in Bangladesh now is estimated at 30 million. The way the rate of unemployment is increasing, it is feared that at this rate unemployment would soar to some 60 million by 2015. According to another estimate, every year some 2.7 million young persons are becoming eligible for jobs whereas only about 0.7 million of them are getting employment. The number of the 'disguised unemployed' an economic term meaning underemployed people or employed to a degree less than their potential, is some 32 percent. The huge number of the unemployed and the underemployed in the workforce gives an idea of the number of the parasitic ones in the population. Employed persons not only consume from the economy but they also contribute to the economy through production activities and discharge of various services. The unemployed people in contrast only live off the economy or their families and society. They are an absolute burden on the state. Not only being liabilities in the economic sense, politically and socially they are considered to be a source of tension and turmoil. The linkage between unemployment and crimes is obvious. Therefore, all governments in Bangladesh will need to address the unemployment issue very seriously indeed before it turns worse. The recent floods and the devastating Sidr storm plus the restructuring activities leading to retrenchment of workers from state operated enterprises, have added to the unemployment problem. Government will have to start up urgently different work programmes like road building and repairs, reconstruction of infrastructures, etc., especially in the rural areas and continue them for some time, to mitigate the worst woes of the jobless ones at the grass roots level . But for the medium and longer terms, the present interim government which is doing pathbreaking works in vital areas, should also adopt a plan of action to tackle unemployment. It can start such a plan and leave gradual implementation of it to successor governments. Insufficient investments have been frustrating the creation of new employment opportunities in Bangladesh. Government here needs to identify each of the factors that can contribute to a better investment climate. The same would include improvement of law and order, much lowering of the interest rate on borrowings, addition to and up gradation of infrastructures to be supportive of enterprising, fiscal policies that create level playing fields for local entrepreneurs in relation to foreign competitors, fiscal incentives such as tax reduction and tax exemption, etc. Government will need to act imaginatively and effectively in relation to each of the above factors and more to improve the investment climate that in turn would accelerate economic activities and make the desired impact on the unemployment situation. However, there is also a need to be clear about the policies to be pursued to create employment. New enterprises will absorb the unemployed. But capital intensive enterprises will employ a smaller number than labour intensive ones which will understandably employ a greater number. Thus, enterprise with labour intensive character should be identified and encouraged. Government can make a big contribution towards reducing unemployment by also building and operating a large number of training institutions to train the jobless ones in different vocations for them to be fit enough to take up employment in the country, to go abroad for doing jobs or to engage in self-employment. Government's ample spending for skill development is all the more necessary because private sectors may prefer not to invest in this area out of a consideration of low profits. The high costs of skill training under the private sector is also likely to exclude most seekers of such training on the ground of their inability to pay for the training. Thus, government's role as a skill trainer is very important. But government can expect to recover the investments it will make in this area by receiving regular payments in installments from people who would get jobs after such training.

1.5 Effect of unemployment problem

The effects of rural-urban migration in Bangladesh are analyzed to identify a relationship
between migration and underdevelopment. Poverty, unemployment and natural hazards
appear to be the main reasons for the rural exodus. The preference for moving to a large
city is found to be determined by the urban bias in planning both by national and
international authorities, and by the public amenities and resources available in the urban
areas. An analysis of the levels and trends in urbanization reveals the notable role

Rural-urban migration in the rapid growth of the urban population. Most migrants are
young, unmarried males of working age. A case study of migrants in Dhaka City
illustrates the reasons for and consequences of migration. It is concluded that rural-urban
migration is mainly a survival strategy of the rural poor. To think about greater welfare of the country they should keep patient, they should support the Government they should assist the Government to take the long term strategy to remove the unemployment problem. If we watch towards Japan, Korea, Malaysia what we will see? Due to Industrialization they have changed a lot. Without Industrialization no nation can expect strong economic basement and solution of unemployment problem. After political settlement the first and foremost thing for Bangladesh is, to build up industry to remove the unemployment problem. If they can assure the political calm and stable situation, then foreigner will come to invest in manufacturing sector to build new industry. In this respect Transportation, Road and Highway, Electricity should be reconstructed strongly otherwise everything will be failed. Especially Automobile and Electronics Industry are the major items to intensify a country’s overall financial condition. Most of money is spent in these two sectors. Lot of population can be employed in this industry. Because by surrounding a automobile or electronics industry hundreds of supporting small industry will be built up. As a result a lot of people will be employed. In this respect Government should adopt a strong and strict policy about importing used car. After establishing automobile industry they should ban import of all used car. Used car import is destroying the environment and employment opportunity. To intensify the overall industrialization our Ambassadors who are employed in different countries specially Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore can help the Government to adopt strong, effective, active and successful policy. Because they are well known with those countries environment, government and people. They have practical and expert feeling about the development policy in different sector of the respective country. We have already wasted a lot of time. We don’t want to live as the poorest and neglected nation in the world. We want our economic growth, our honor. We have a lot of workforce and a lot of money in the Bank. But due to proper utilization and proper development planning we are staying in back. In this regard Political leader, Intellectual, Industrialist, Planner, Ambassador, Teacher Student and migrated generation in abroad should contribute to achieve the country’s economic progress. If we can take proper steps to obtain our economic growth, then we can remove our unemployment problem. God says if you want to love me try to love people first. If you believe in God you have to love people. Ask yourself according your ability and responsibility how much has you done to help the people to help the country? 80% People are living in rural area. After a long struggle a village parents educate his children helped them to grown up. They help them to gain college or university degree. Rest duty is yours. That is Government. Yes It is Government’s duty to provide job, to create job for our young generation. It is fundamental duty of a Government to solve the problem of Unemployment. Bangladesh is one of the most populated country in the world but according the people's demand there is not enough job facilities.

1.6 Types of Unemployment

2.1 Cyclical or Keynesian unemployment

The IS-LM Model is used to analyze the effect of demand shocks on the economy.

Cyclical or Keynesian unemployment, also known as deficient-demand unemployment, occurs when there is not enough aggregate demand in the economy to provide jobs for everyone who wants to work. Demand for most goods and services falls, less production is needed and consequently fewer workers are needed, wages are sticky and do not fall to meet the equilibrium level, and mass unemployment results.^[48] Its name is derived from the frequent shifts in the business cycle although unemployment can also be persistent as occurred during the Great Depression of the 1930s. With cyclical unemployment, the number of unemployed workers exceeds the number of job vacancies, so that even if full employment were attained and all open jobs were filled, some workers would still remain unemployed.

2.2 Marxist theory of unemployment

It is in the very nature of the capitalist mode of production to overwork some workers while keeping the rest as a reserve army of unemployed paupers.

According to Karl Marx, unemployment is inherent within the unstable capitalist system and periodic crises of mass unemployment are to be expected. The function of the proletariat within the capitalist system is to provide a "reserve army of labor" that creates downward pressure on wages. This is accomplished by dividing the proletariat into surplus labor (employees) and under-employment (unemployed).^[52] This reserve army of labor fight among themselves for scarce jobs at lower and lower wages. At first glance, unemployment seems inefficient since unemployed workers do not increase profits.

2.3 Involuntary unemployment

This conflict between the neoclassical and Keynesian theories has had strong influence on government policy. The tendency for government is to curtail and eliminate unemployment through increases in benefits and government jobs, and to encourage the job-seeker to both consider new careers and relocation to another city.

2.4 Full employment

Some demand theory economists see the inflation barrier as corresponding to the natural rate of unemployment. The "natural" rate of unemployment is defined as the rate of unemployment that exists when the labor market is in equilibrium and there is pressure for neither rising inflation rates nor falling inflation rates. An alternative technical term for this rate is the NAIRU or the Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment.

2.5 Structural unemployment

Structural unemployment occurs when a labour market is unable to provide jobs for everyone who wants one because there is a mismatch between the skills of the unemployed workers and the skills needed for the available jobs.^[55]

Structural unemployment is hard to separate empirically from frictional unemployment, except to say that it lasts longer. As with frictional unemployment, simple demand-side stimulus will not work to easily abolish this type of unemployment.

2.5 Frictional unemployment

Frictional unemployment is the time period between jobs when a worker is searching for, or transitioning from one job to another. It is sometimes called search unemployment and can be voluntary based on the circumstances of the unemployed individual. Frictional unemployment is always present in an economy, so the level of involuntary unemployment is properly the unemployment rate minus the rate of frictional unemployment, which means that increases or decreases in unemployment are normally under-represented in the simple statistics.^[56]

2.6 Hidden unemployment

Hidden, or covered, unemployment is the unemployment of potential workers that is not reflected in official unemployment statistics, due to the way the statistics are collected. In many countries only those who have no work but are actively looking for work (and/or qualifying for social security benefits) are counted as unemployed. Those who have given up looking for work (and sometimes those who are on Government "retraining" programs) are not officially counted among the unemployed, even though they are not employed.

2.8 Long-term unemployment

This is normally defined, for instance in European Union statistics, as unemployment lasting for longer than one year. It is an important indicator of social exclusion. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports this as U4 and U5.

1.8 Measurement

There are also different ways national statistical agencies measure unemployment. These differences may limit the validity of international comparisons of unemployment data." ^[57] To some degree these differences remain despite national statistical agencies increasingly adopting the definition of unemployment by the International Labour Organization.^[58] To facilitate international comparisons, some organizations, such as the OECD, Eurostat, and International Labor Comparisons Program, adjust data on unemployment for comparability across countries.

Though many people care about the number of unemployed individuals, economists typically focus on the unemployment rate. This corrects for the normal increase in the number of people employed due to increases in population and increases in the labour force relative to the population. The unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage, and is calculated as follows:

As defined by the International Labor Organization, "unemployed workers" are those who are currently not working but are willing and able to work for pay, currently available to work, and have actively searched for work.^[59] Individuals who are actively seeking job placement must make the effort to: be in contact with an employer, have job interviews, contact job placement agencies, send out resumes, submit applications, respond to advertisements, or some other means of active job searching within the prior four weeks. Simply looking at advertisements and not responding will not count as actively seeking job placement. Since not all unemployment may be "open" and counted by government agencies, official statistics on unemployment may not be accurate.^[60]

The ILO describes 4 different methods to calculate the unemployment rate:^[61]

Labor Force Sample Surveys are the most preferred method of unemployment rate calculation since they give the most comprehensive results and enables calculation of unemployment by different group categories such as race and gender. This method is the most internationally comparable.

Official Estimates are determined by a combination of information from one or more of the other three methods. The use of this method has been declining in favor of Labour Surveys.

Social Insurance Statistics such as unemployment benefits, are computed base on the number of persons insured representing the total labour force and the number of persons who are insured that are collecting benefits. This method has been heavily criticized due to the expiration of benefits before the person finds work.

The primary measure of unemployment, U3, allows for comparisons between countries. Unemployment differs from country to country and across different time periods. For example, during the 1990s and 2000s, the United States had lower unemployment levels than many countries in the European Union,^[62] which had significant internal variation, with countries like the UK and Denmark outperforming Italy and France. However, large economic events such as the Great Depression can lead to similar unemployment rates across the globe.

1.9 UN BANGLADESH

Over the last 10 years Bangladesh has made impressive gains in key human development indicators. In the 2004 UNDP Human Development Report, Bangladesh ranked 138 among 177 countries with an HDI score of 0.509, which places it among countries considered to have achieved medium human development. This is the result of macroeconomic stability, low population growth, increase in women’s empowerment, reduction in aid dependence, food self-sufficiency, effective disaster management capacity, promoting non-governmental organizations (NGOs), free and fair parliamentary elections, a vibrant, pluralist, democratic civil society marked by cultural activism and developmental debates, and an active and free press.

Through the adoption and implementation of sound policies and strategies, Bangladesh has managed to sustain a large measure of economic stability and macroeconomic growth. Throughout the 1990s, the economy grew by an average of 4.75 percent per year. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita has grown steadily from US$ 273 in 1990-91 to US$ 441 (or $1400 in PPP). As a result, the Human Poverty Index for Bangladesh fell from 61 in 1983 to 42.2, an achievement that was all the more remarkable given that the pace of income poverty reduction was only one percent point per year. Nonetheless 63 million people continue to live below the poverty line. There has, however, been a steep decline in the number of hardcore poor from 36.75 percent in 1983-83 to just under twenty percent or approximately 30 million people. Despite these significant achievements, much will need to be done to ensure the right to survival and to achieve the MDG target of halving the proportion of the poor, and the hungry and malnourished. The UNDP Gender Development Index (GDI) for 2004 ranked Bangladesh 110 among 144 countries, an increase of 13 positions since 1999. This improvement reflects a closing of the gap between men and women in key indicators such as life expectancy. However, a GEM ranking of 76 shows continued low levels of female representation in government, in decision-making positions and in ownership of economic assets. A significant gender disparity persists in both income and human poverty, especially at the lower end of income distribution. The female disadvantage in child mortality has remained persistent, while the female-male gap in acute malnutrition has increased over the past decade. On average the incidence of severe malnutrition among girls under five is 2-4 percent higher than among boys. Similarly, compared to male-headed households, female-headed households are more likely to be living in extreme poverty. Overall, Bangladesh’s performance with regard to achieving gender equality and women’s empowerment (MDG 4) remains mixed. There has been a narrowing of the gender gap in most social MDG indicators in general and in the education sector in particular, where, as a result of targeted government policies, female enrolment rates in primary and secondary schools exceeds those for males. However, in other areas such as economic and political participation and adult literacy, much still remains to be done to ensure the rights to survival, livelihood and participation. Significant investments in disaster preparedness, including the development of early warning systems and the creation of a wide network of flood and cyclone shelters, has seen a significant decrease in the number of lives lost each year. However, natural disasters are still responsible for significant property losses with major consequences for the poor. There is therefore scope for continued improvement in terms of disaster mitigation and recovery that is targeted to the most vulnerable populations. Bangladesh has made significant strides in lowering its population growth rates. The current population is estimated at around 140 million. While total fertility rates have been in decline over the last twenty years, this decline appears to have plateaued though further research is required to identify the exact causes. Since 1996 a gradual increase in TFR among poorer households has been observed. A number of factors that could explain this increase include low educational levels, continued son preference, high infant mortality, weak implementation of gender rights and the lack of alternative economic opportunities. Infant mortality has declined steadily from 92 per thousand live births in 1992 to 53 in 2002. Similarly, under-five mortality rate (U5MR) has declined from 144 per thousand live births in 1990 to 76 in 2002. There continue to be urban-rural differences in under-five mortality rates and a small difference in mortality rates between boys and girls. In order for Bangladesh to maintain progress towards meeting the child and infant mortality goals laid out in the MDGs a number of trends need to be sustained. This includes continuing to expand immunization coverage to reach marginalized and hard-to-reach population and consolidating and strengthening efforts to control diarrhoeal diseases and acute respiratory infections. Increased attention is also required to further reduce neonatal mortality by ensuring that all pregnant mothers have access to antenatal care, skilled birth attendants and to emergency obstetric care. Maternal mortality remains very high at around 320 per hundred thousand live births. Poor nutrition, poverty and a lack of access to health services contribute to some 20,000 maternal deaths each year. Despite improvements in antenatal care, it will be a challenge to meet the goal of reducing MMR to 140 by 2015 because of a number of demographic trends. A third of Bangladesh’s population falls within the age group of 10-24 years. Nearly half the adolescent girls (15-19 years) are married, 57 percent become mothers before the age of 19, and half of all adolescent mothers are acutely malnourished. Efforts to provide adolescent girls with greater access to higher education through scholarship and stipend programmes while proven to be effective, will nonetheless take several years to have a meaningful impact on fertility rates, and by extension, MMR rates. Bangladesh’s success in increasing primary school enrolment has been one of the most notable achievements of the last fifteen years and has played an important role in raising the country’s HDR scores. The gross enrolment rate in primary education in 2002 was 97 percent, though enrolment rates in urban slums and the CHT remain significantly lower. Bangladesh has more or less achieved gender parity in education at the primary school level. Despite these positive developments, one in five children are still not enrolled in school. Furthermore, while two thirds of those enrolled complete the five-year primary school cycle, upwards of 25 percent of children drop out before reaching the fifth grade though this is a significant improvement over the 38 percent dropout rate recorded in 1995. Under the most optimistic scenario of population stabilization by 2035, Bangladesh will need some US$1.7 billion to maintain current momentum and to achieve the MDG 2 by 2015. Thus, without significantly increased investments in the education sector, it is clear that ensuring the right to a secure livelihood will remain a challenge.

The 1999-2000 Labor Force Survey estimates that of the 74.2 million working age population (15 - 64 years), about 21.6 percent are employed for wages and salaries, a two percent increase since the 1995-96 LFS. However, while 33.9 percent of men work for wages, only 8.4 percent of women receive some form of remuneration. There are an estimated 7.4 million working children out of which 3.2 million children are child laborers. Twenty four percent of the working population is self-employed. Unemployment rates in Bangladesh, estimated at 4.3 percent, are comparatively low due to pervasive under-employment and the large number of people considered being out of the labor force. Unemployment rates are high among the youth, especially among young men under the age of 30. There has been a significant increase in the reports of violence across Bangladesh. Accurate information regarding the nature and extent of violence in the country remains scarce due to lack of data. There is, however, an emerging “culture of violence” which is of rising concern. Violence within the family remains the most under-reported crime in Bangladesh. Cases of marital violence are routinely labelled as “domestic disputes”, and as such do not merit assistance within families, let alone police intervention. This reflects, among other things, the existing patrimonial social structures that force woman into passive acceptance of violence. According to government statistics, one woman is subjected to violence every hour. Though the Bangladesh Constitution is committed to the equality of rights of all citizens, there still remain significant sections of the population who are unable to realize their right to development. A part of the process will necessarily involve ensuring that the most marginalized and vulnerable groups – women, minorities, children and others – do not get left behind amidst an overall positive scenario. It is also important to focus on the guarantee of human security with the basic norms of justice as a pre-condition for human development. The commitment to a transparent government through the use of information technology for development is one means of promoting accountability. The decentralization of administrative and financial responsibilities would help to accelerate the process. These are all important steps towards ensuring that citizens have ownership over the development process. Finally, it is necessary to focus on the crosscutting issues of good governance and environmental sustainability to ensure the achievement of the MDGs and national development objectives. In the circumstances, one of the biggest challenges to the Government remains ensuring the right to participation and protection of the people of Bangladesh.

1.9 Unemployment rate

Rate

5.1% (2009 est.)
4% (2008 est.)
note: about 40% of the population is underemployed; many participants in the labor force work only a few hours a week, at low wages

Year	Unemployment rate	Rank	Percent Change	Date of Information
2003	40.00 %	12		2002 est.
2004	40.00 %	14	0.00 %	2002 est.
2005	40.00 %	178	0.00 %	2004 est.
2006	2.50 %	22	-93.75 %	2005 est.
2007	2.50 %	23	0.00 %	2006 est.
2008	2.50 %	27	0.00 %	2007 est.
2009	2.50 %	27	0.00 %	2008 est.
2010	5.10 %	46	104.00 %	2009 est.

Definition: This entry contains the percent of the labor force that is without jobs. Substantial underemployment might be noted.

1.10 Methodology

The problem of unemployment is crucial as far as the world economic growth is concerned. There are different types of unemployment like structural, cyclical, natural and frictional. This categorization of unemployment is based on the various factors that result in unemployment.

Qualitative approaches were used to conduct the study. At first thirty drugs business and spots were identified in Comilla town. During the spot visit, around 20 young addicted were identified. Of them three cases were studied. Two focus group discussions were also made with the young addicted persons, one in the selling spot and another in a neutral place. A sample size of thirty-five addicted persons were given a structured questionnaire to quantify some aspect of drugs in Comilla. The questionnaire consisted of thirty-eight questions related to drugs, addiction and the demographic profile. Most of the questions were open-ended. The fieldwork continued for 20 days.

1.11 Findings

Bangladesh

has been suffering from a sort of economic growth stagnation with its GDP growing between 5.0 and 6.8 per cent for the last several years. At this moment, we need to adopt an expansionary economic policy so that we can increase production, productivity and consequent employment generation through higher investment. Inflation has to be reduced by increasing productivity and supply and by decreasing average production cost. As a result, the overall national production, per capital income, economic growth and employment opportunities will increase.

1.12 Conclusion

Unemployment is a great curse to a nation. We cannot expect the development of our country leaving its millions of the people unemployment to survive as a boastful nation. We should make all out efforts to get rid of this curse. Analysis of this study tries to indicate this phenomenon by focusing of the skills/qualification (apart from degree, certificate, and diploma) that are considered as important for graduates' employ ability by the corporate bodies of Bangladesh.

Bibliography

· The Ultimate in Personal Expression by Burr

· What is sales tax? by Hannahjoanna

· Ten Important Things to Remember for Your Summer Wedding by Alexon Lecturer.

· Unemployment problem in Bangladesh by Mansur Ahamed Soikot

· CIA World Fact book - Unless otherwise noted, information in this page is accurate as of November 3, 2010.

· Related Article in Study Article Category by Mansur Ahamed Soikot ...

· M Syfullah The unemployment problem poses a serious threat to the country at the moment, ...
nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2008/05/04/news0797.htm

Appendix

. www.mobilefornews.blogspot.com

. Unemployment rate rank chart

· Unemployment rate - comparative map

· www.1888articles.com/unemployment-problem-in-bangladesh-0107822.html

· www.oppapers.com/.../unemployment-problem-in-bangladesh-page1.html -

· matrixsearches.com/article.php?id=153902&act=p

· www.scribd.com/doc/17481892/Unemployment-1

· www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/search_index.php?.]

· Problem Facts and statistics about the Unemployment rate of

Bangladesh

. msinbangladesh.blogspot.com/.../unemployment-problem-in-bangladesh.