Motivation
Q1: Definition of Motivation.
Q2: Motivation Process/Models of Motivation.
Q3: Maslow’s need theory.
Q4: What is need? Discuss the type of needs.
Q5: What is motivation drives? Explain each drives with
its
characteristics. / explain McClelland theory.
Q6: Explain Motivation Hygiene theory.
Q7: Explain ERG theory of Motivation.
Q1:What is Motivation?
Motivation is the willingness to exert high levels of effort
toward organizational goals, conditioned by the effort’s ability to satisfy
some individual need.
Q2:Motivation Process
We can define motivation
process through a diagram. The motivation process diagram is given below:
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Unsatisfied need
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Tension
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Drives
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Search behavior
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Satisfied need
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Reduction of tension
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An unsatisfied need creates tension that stimulates drives
within individual. These drives generate a search behavior to find particular
goals that, if attained, will satisfy the need and lead to the reduction of
tension.
Q3:Maslow’s need theory
It’s probably safe to say
that the most well-known theory of motivation is Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of
needs.
Physiological Need
It includes hunger, thirst, shelter, sex, and other bodily
needs.
Safety Need
It includes security and
protection from physical and emotional harm.
Social Need
It includes affection,
belongingness, acceptance and friendship.
Esteem Need
It includes internal esteem
factors such as self-respect, autonomy and achievement; and external esteem
factors such as status, recognition and attention. Esteem needs can be
differentiated into two kinds:
* Internal esteem
* External esteem
Self-actualization Need
The drive to become what one is capable of becoming;
includes growth, achieving one’s potential, and self-fulfillment.
Maslow’s separated the five needs into lower order and
higher order need.
Lower order need
It includes physiological and safety need.
Higher order need
It includes social, esteem and self-actualization need.
According to Maslow, if a superior
wants to motivate someone, he/she needs to understand what level of the
hierarchy that person is currently on and focus on satisfying those needs at or
above the level.
Q4:What is need?
Need means some internal state that makes certain outcomes
become attractive.
Types of Need
There are two types of needs.
They are
- Primary
needs
- Secondary needs
Primary Needs
Primary need is the physical needs include food, water, sex,
sleep, air and reasonably comfortable temperature. These need arise from the
basic requirements of life and are important for survival of the human life.
Secondary Needs
Secondary needs are vaguer because they represent needs of
the mind and spirit rather than of physical body. Many of these needs are
developed as people mature. Examples are needs that pertain to self-esteem,
sense of duty, competitiveness, self-assertion, and to giving belonging and
receiving affection
Q5:Motivational Drives
Drives as a product of the cultural
environment in which they live, and these drives affects the way people view
their jobs and approach their lives.
Motivational Drives with
their characteristics/ Explain David C. McClelland theory
According to David C. McClelland, there are three kinds of
motivational drives
1. Achievement motivation
2. Affiliation motivation
3. Power motivation
Achievement Motivation
Achievement motivation is a drive some people have to pursue
and attain goals. An individual with this drive wishes to achieve objectives
and advance up the ladder of success.
Affiliation Motivation
Affiliation motivation is a drive to relate to people on a
social basis.
Power Motivation
Power motivation is a drive to influence people, take
control, and change situations. Power-motivated people wish to create of their
organizations and are willing to take risks to do so. Once this power is
obtained, it may be used either constructively or destructively.
Motivation
Hygiene Theory
The motivation hygiene theory was proposed by psychologist
Fredrick Herzberg. In the brief that an individual’s relation to his or her
work is a basic one and that his or her attitude toward this work can very well
determine the individual’s success or failure, Herzberg investigated the
question, “What do people want from their jobs?”
The data suggest, says Herzberg,
that the opposite of satisfaction is not dissatisfaction, as was traditionally
believed. Removing dissatisfying characteristics from a job does not
necessarily make the job satisfying. As illustrated in Exhibit 5-4, Herzberg proposes
that his findings indicate the existence of a dual continuum: The opposite of
“satisfaction” is “No satisfaction”, and the opposite of “Dissatisfaction” is
“No dissatisfaction”
Those factors- such as company and administration,
supervision and salary- that, when adequate in a job placate workers. When
these factors are adequate, people will not be dissatisfied.
ERG theory
Clayton Alderfer of Yale
University
Alderfer argues that there are three groups of core needs -
existence, relatedness and growth – hence the label: ERG theory. The existence
group is concerned with providing our material existence requirements. They
include the items that Maslow considered to be physiological and safety needs.
The second group of needs is those of relatedness --- the desire we have for
maintaining important interpersonal relationships. These social and status
desires require interaction with others if they are to be satisfied, and the
external components of Maslow’s esteem classification. Finally, Alderfer
isolates growth needs --- an intrinsic component from Maslow’s esteem category
and characteristics included under self-actualization.
Differences between Need
hierarchy theory and ERG theory
The differences between need
hierarchy theory and ERG theory are given below:
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Need hierarchy
theory
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ERG theory
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*This theory was developed by Abraham Maslow.
*According to Maslow there are five needs.
a) Physiological
b) Safety
c) Social
d) Esteem
e) Self-actualization.
*According to Maslow 5 needs occurred one by one.
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*This theory was developed by Clayton Alderfer.
*According to Alderfer there are 3 needs.
a) Existence
b) Relatedness
c) growth
*According to Alderfer these 3 needs occurred at a time.
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